N4-Acetylcytosine CAS:14631-20-0

N4-Acetylcytosine (ac4C), a nucleoside modification found primarily in eukaryotic mRNA and certain non-coding RNAs, plays a crucial role in diverse biological functions. This modification arises from the acetylation of cytosine, which alters its chemical properties and influences the behavior of RNA molecules. Ac4C has gained attention in recent years as a key player in the regulation of gene expression and RNA metabolism, allowing cells to adapt to various physiological conditions. One of the primary functions of ac4C is its involvement in enhancing mRNA stability. By modifying the structure of RNA, ac4C can protect mRNA transcripts from degradation by exonucleases, contributing to an overall increase in transcript lifespan. This stabilization can lead to higher protein synthesis levels, particularly under stress conditions where rapid adaptation and response are critical for cell survival. In addition to stabilizing mRNA, N4-acetylcytosine also affects translation efficiency. Research has shown that ac4C modification can influence the binding of translation initiation factors, thereby modulating protein synthesis rates. This regulation is particularly relevant in contexts such as cellular stress or differentiation, where precise control over protein production is essential. Another important aspect of N4-acetylcytosine is its role in epitranscriptomics—the study of chemical modifications on RNA molecules and their functional implications. As researchers continue to explore the landscape of RNA modifications, ac4C stands out as a significant marker associated with specific cellular states and responses. For example, elevated levels of ac4C have been observed in various cancers, suggesting a potential link between this modification and tumorigenesis. The presence of ac4C may alter gene expression patterns in cancer cells, providing them with a growth advantage and highlighting its importance in the field of cancer biology. Moreover, the dynamic regulation of ac4C levels adds another layer of complexity to gene regulation. Enzymes responsible for adding or removing acetyl groups, such as N4-acetylcytidine transferases and deacetylases, play pivotal roles in determining the cellular levels of ac4C. Understanding how these enzymes are regulated and how they interact with other RNA modifications remains an area of active research, with implications for developing therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways. In summary, N4-acetylcytosine is a vital RNA modification with significant implications for gene expression, mRNA stability, and translational control. Its emerging role in epitranscriptomics and potential links to disease highlight the complexity of RNA modifications and their regulatory networks. As research progresses, N4-acetylcytosine may provide new insights into cellular response mechanisms and contribute to innovative approaches in diagnosing and treating various health conditions, particularly in the context of cancer and other diseases characterized by dysregulated gene expression.